Maldon

Last month me with my family went to Maldon in a short trip. This small city is located in Shire of Mount Alexander about 136 km from Melbourne or 38 km from Bendigo. It is well known for its goldrush historic period since 1853 until 1891 with estimated population at that time was 9,000. As the gold miners became dry, the population decreased rapidly which now noted 1,601 people. Maldon's had changed the status now as destination area for tourism, retirement housing and some traditional festivals.

We visited some local stores there and amazed with its old and historic precinct. Most of those old buildings are used as cafe, restaurant, or local stores. There is a Memorial of Vietnam War which is located in the centre of Maldon, adjacent with the Tourist Information Centre. Before left, we spent some times to visit old railway station. During goldrush era, this station served passengers to travel accross Victoria region, such as Melbourne, Castlemaine, Bendigo and Maryborough. Now, it is attracted many tourists to travel (especially kids in school holidays) around goldfields region.

Sources :

http://www.vgr.com.au/
http://www.maldon.org.au/Information/infoPage.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldon,_Victoria

International Students are Exploited in Australia

Having study overseas could be a great experience and also a dream of many students (or students wanna be) in a lifetime. Australia is one of leading countries (beside US and UK) that has attracted many students to come and study. In 2007, around 450,000 International Students were studying in Australia which increase to 18% from last year figures. This number is predicted to double by 2025. International Students has contributed a sum of $ 11 billion per year to the local economic development and it has replaced tourism as Australia top major income (the third largest after coal and iron-ore). In Victoria, they are the biggest income provider.
However, International Students seems as "money spinner" since they only come here not to build relationship with Australian or sharing knowledge. They were attaracted to come here to pay unreasonable high fees, which is believed as the main source for economic prosperity in Australia. Thus, this problem leads to the exploitation.
Futhermore International Students are less knowledge about their rights. In one case in Victoria, International Students were being underpaid and sexually harassed. Some of them also work overtime than they suppose to have. Others main concern of the issue are; the corrupt provider, lack of affordable accommodation and personal safety.
Federal and State Government supposed to take significant action as they heavily dependent on this industry. Because universities in Australia can not merely depend on local students.

Sources :

http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/11/2361735.htm
http://www.theage.com.au/national/stop-exploitation-student-union-tells-tertiary-review-20080805-3qlb.html
http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/international-student-numbers-to-rise-recruiter/2007/09/18/1189881513959.html
http://www.theage.com.au/national/taskforce-to-study-overseas-students-20080918-4jek.html?skin=text-only

Islam in Australia

For the past 25 years, the number of muslims in Australia increased dramatically. It can be seen as the number is growing to 281,578 (40% growth) in 2001 census. Nowadays, the number is expected to raise from 350,000 to 450,000. Thus, Islam can be claimed as the fastest growing faith in Australia.

This rapid growth was influenced by immigration mainly from Middle East, Africans and Arabs countries. While the other are coming from South East Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia). Therefore, the muslim community in Australia is strongly diverse and multiethnicity.

However, some native Australian also contribute slight percentage as their conversion into Islam. Here is a two-video that describe how an Australian become a muslim. Interesting and fascinating. It inspired me much and lead me grateful to Allah for giving me Islam in my life.

http://www.islamawareness.net/Fastest/australia.html

http://www.turntoislam.com/

Bendigo Drought, Compare to Indonesia

About in the early 90s Bendigo region (and almost half of Victoria region in the north west) experienced long dry and caused drought. It is believed that "Climate Change" was the suspect of this problem. The level of rain was reduced dramatically especially in winter, bush and land became dusty and brown colored like dessert and the reservoir in the Lake Eppalock were run out of water. Many farmer closed their farms as they can not sustain the crops productivity and the region suddenly loss employment opportunity and economic prosperity in grain and wheat farms, cattle and livestock (sheep, lamb and cow). The other impacts are this region loss population since the out migration of young people and farmers to other states, and the closure of public facilities (such as hospitals and schools) by state and federal government because of the lack of costumers.

Nowadays, the authority of water management such as Coliban Water issues water restriction to residents every day. Therefore, they could maintain the usage of water in the long period and find solution in water resources. People can not consume water freely, spesifically if they want to wash their cars, watering the gardens and even to take a bath. This authority has control in every households' pipe so that they can give punishment to the disobeyers like fines.

Differently, in my country every people have better access to the water resources. Eventhough Indonesia also hitted by Climate Change, but so far there is no government policy to look after that. Every households can bore their own water wells and people also can use the river as long as they need. Eventhough we have government body in water enterprise (Perusahaan Air Minum/PAM) but its role only to provide pure water to drinking and bathing. However, this company can not ensure good services to the community. Occasionally, they still struggle in certain issues of water theft and blake, worst quality of drinking water and misscalculation of customers' usage.

Anyway, Indonesia is not familiar with drought so far.

(Except maybe in dry areas like East Nusa Tenggara and Mount Kidul Yogyakarta)

Sources : http://www.coliban.com.au/

Bendigo Bus!!

Since the end of April 2008, the state government of Victoria had boosted the bus transport in Bendigo by 40%. Therefore, more services for public transport are available with additional rute that run through La Trobe University. Moreover, the new system served other remote regions such as Maiden Gully, Strathfieldsaye and Huntly/Epsom.

This change has impacted to the daily life of the community, as the bus more reliable (some routes has every 30 minutes service), convenient (as all the buses stopped at railway station and city centre) and friendly (easy access for disabilities and prams).

Unfortunately, some people disadvantaged from it such as students. The new route changes new bus stop and the timetables is not always match with the school time. As a result, some students should walk extra than before (they get exhausted easily) and arrive late at school. Furthermore, the traders in Mitchell st (city centre) are concenrned that many passengers would create crowded outside their stores, while they are waiting in bus stop, and leads to looting and anti-social behaviour.

However, for me the bus service give me easiness to hoop in and off to university and home througout the day. Since morning until late afternoon, also in the weekend. Sometimes it is never full (sometimes almost empty), and it is comfort me to get seat and relax.

Ramadhan in Bendigo

As the number of Muslim family is small, the atmosphere of Ramadhan in Bendigo is dreary. Furthermore, the lack of Islamic facilities (such as Mosque) also a significant factor to it. The city of 90,000 population only has little musholla to serve Muslim community; whereas the musholla itself was located in the La Trobe University and it is not owned by the community. This problem has been arised for many years, although the muslim community has tried hard to propose their own mosque. The difficulty on funding is the first reason, while the other reason is the steady number of muslim (and sometimes decline) can not ensure the approval of public service for muslim.

However, the spirit of Ramadhan is preserved by certain commitment muslims. Every year they hold taraweh prayer in each night and gather "ifthar" in the weekend. The dreary atmosphere encourage them to pray actively. They also get benefits from the quiet Bendigo's ambience to pray more concentrate and easily. For me, it is really hard to get use to in this circumtance as I often remember the spirit of Ramadhan in Indonesia. But, I realize that become a muslim in Bendigo would be an advantage and excellent experience for me. At least, I can focus on my daily "muamalah" and not thinking on some "my countries' old tradition" such as buying new clothes, shopping or go to hometown (mudik). I also would not experience the glamorous and luxurious Ramadhan style, just humble and modest that Insha Allah lead me to peaceful wisdom.

Ramadhan Mubarak Brother and Sister. Hopefully this Ramadhan will make us as better Muslim than before.

From Melbourne to Bendigo

Bendigo is about 150 km away from Melbourne. From Melbourne we can travel to Bendigo by car, which approximately one and half hour through Calder Freeway, or by train that usually needs two hour journey.
The train that operates between Melbourne-Bendigo is under V/Line management corporation. This institution is a not for profit and serves regional passenger for train and coach service in Victoria, Australia. It was created after the split-up of Vic-Rail in 1983. V/Line is owned by the V/Line Passenger Corporation which is a Victorian State Government statutory authority.
Vlocity is the type of train that services Bendigo route, includes small towns on the route such as Sunbury, Kyneton and Castlemaine. It has almost 100 services every week.
Comparing to train service in Indonesia (that I have experienced), VLine operation almost perfect with its high punctuation time and good and clean carriage. It also accessible for disabilities person and cyclers. But somehow, in peak hours (usually in the morning and late afternoon) this service full with commuters who work in Melbourne but live in Bendigo. At that time, the ticket fees are higher and people flocks. Although, there are no brave passenger that eager to sit on the train's roof.


Sources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_railway_line,_Victoria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/Line

Indonesia Independence Day

Being far from home made the celebration of Indonesia Independence different. Though, many people came and joined (especially Australian) to share this moment. In Bendigo, this event was held in Quarry Hill Community Centre on 17th of August. The participants were entertained by "Gamelan" percussion orchestra and Marthin Nanere, who performed some folks and traditional songs. The Indonesia Raya antheme was sang by few people, notably are Indonesians but it was in solemn moment. So beautiful and magnificent. Though, the spirit of independence were not same as in Indonesia but still I had enjoyment.

"My First Semester"

It is really interesting and challenged to be study overseas. Many young people from Indonesia have dream to take higher education and I am the lucky one. The first semester is probably the hardest one since I have to adjustable my way of life, especially my spoken languange.

In the class, there are some problems that make me diffcult to learn. Although i find some solutions to cope with it.
First, of course the languange. I am the only Indonesian and most of my classmates are Australian. I have to speak correctly therefore they can understand, especially in discussion session.
Second, the way of learning. Here I am thought to be independent student. I have to find out the materials and course sources by myself, the lecturer only provides the guidelines and reading materials. Always ask for clear information and instruction from the lecture and classmate. Additionally, I have to give my opinion and argument which I found it is really different with the teaching system in my country.

Outside the class, I face difficulties on cultural adjustment since. Such as I can not find halal foods and Indonesian food ingredients easily. As a consequence, I have to go to Melbourne to buy and cooking my food by myself (at least I develop my cooking skill while studying here). Next, it is hard to get Australian friends as their style of friendhip and relationship are totally different. Additionally, Bendigo is very quiet and peaceful city. No crowded and traffic jam (wow this is what I like from Bendigo!), less population make this small city comfortable and less vehicles means less pollution. Furthermore, people here so friendly for new comers (like me).

After all I really enjoy to live here. I recommend for everyone to study in Bendigo, especially for those who like living in the small city.

"The Aceh Dispute and Its Peace Agreement Process”

1. Introduction

The conflict between the Indonesia government and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM/Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) had exited for almost 30 years. It was begun 1976 when Teungku Hasan di Tiro proclaimed the movement as dissatisfaction of unequal development and policy in Aceh region. Jakarta (as the central government of Indonesia) obtained many benefits from oil and gas resources while many Acehnese still lived in poverty and remained uneducated. When the Acehnese anger led to rebellion, the Jakarta government sent troops whose acted brutally and made the condition worse. In 1989, the Military Operations Zone (DOM) was implemented as the government responded to critical situation in Aceh. For the next ten years, when Indonesia faced the economy and political crisis, the rebellion became dauntless and got sympathy from Acehnese people. During the period of 2000 – 2005 there are several agreements to resolve the conflict. All of the agreements were done with the mediation of “third party”. Even though, the agreement were not guarantee the peace as many clashes still occur. However, in the last moment many people believed that the “Tsunami Disaster” is the key reason to make peace in Aceh. Since then both sides agree to stop the violent and begin the reconstruction and rehabilitation which affected by tsunami and military offence.


2. The Aceh Rebellion

The Acehnese have a strong sense of their distinctive identity favoured by the Islamic era and the Aceh-Dutch colonization war. At the time Indonesia gained its independence, Aceh integrated as a region in the new republic. Unfortunately, the different vision among Acehnese and Indonesian leaders (Soekarno’s government) in 1950s triggered the rebellion (Bertrand 2004, p. 163). Indonesian leaders could not accept the Islamic law in the new republic foundation nor did they accept special identity for Aceh region. The Indonesian leaders preferred to adopt unitary system equally in every region throughout Indonesia. During the period of 1950s to 1960s, Soekarno’s government agreed the practice of limited Islamic law to subdue the rebellion. Additionally, the Aceh region was recognized as a different province with new status as a Special Region. The Aceh rebellion then became divided in two parts since many Acehnese preferred to struggle in a compromise way. Furthermore, the population still suffered casualties during the conflict.

The “new order” era under Soeharto’s rule in 1966 reduced the special status of Aceh. At that time Soeharto’s policies were based on a centralized strong government of national uniformity, economic development and the strength of military force. The richness of natural resources in Aceh made the region as the target for economic development (Bertrand 2004, p. 170). Therefore many Aceh’s oil and gas resources were exploited; however, few Acehnese populations got benefits from this economic activity. The profits of this sector were mainly brought out of Aceh to Jakarta as the central government. Moreover, the military forces were used by the central government to ensure the security of the oil manufactures.

The unjust exploitation of Aceh’s natural resources led to the launching of the separatist movement, which is called the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka/GAM), in 1976. In 1989, Soeharto’s government increased the military offensive toward GAM with Military Operations Zone policy. About 1000-3000 people were killed and 1400 missing during the operations until 1992 (ICG 2001; cited by Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p. 6). Although GAM was largely defeated, troops remained in the province and antagonism toward Jakarta became deeply entrenched.


3. The Indonesian Political Crisis

In 1997, Indonesia experienced a serious political and economic crisis. The central government collapsed and loosed its power among the subordinate regions. One of the worse impacts was the disintegration of East Timor from Indonesia in 1999. At the same time the anti military and anti-Jakarta sentiment grew in Aceh (Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p. 8). GAM position became strong and they recruited many new members. The new conflict occurred where GAM triggered the assassinations to local officers and military personnel. In addition, Aceh Referendum Information Centre (SIRA) was formed in 1999. They took action to strike and demand referendum for independence. This paralysed the local government and military forces. In late 1999, the parliament granted a special autonomy law for Aceh. However, it had little impact upon the conflict and a dialogue was commenced.


4. The Humanitarian Pause Agreement

The newly elected president, Abdurrahman Wahid, decided on October 1999 to move forward negotiations with GAM. On January 2000, Henry Dunant Centre (HDC) was appointed by the Indonesian Government as third party to resolve the dispute. HDC believed that the dialogue should seek the peaceful solutions for conflicts which focused on humanitarian issues so that both sides could build trust (Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p. 10). This opportunity was taken by GAM to expose human abuse in Aceh globally. On the other hand, dealing with the rebels was important for Indonesia to recover its reputation.

In May 2000, The Humanitarian Pause agreement was signed in Geneva. This aimed to allow the humanitarian service to help people who suffered during the conflict. It also tried to promote confidence building measures toward a peaceful solution (Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p. 14-15). However, this agreement was criticized by parliament because this would recognize GAM and weaken the central government’s position. In contrast GAM extended its operation and recruited new members throughout Aceh. The conflict between GAM and military troops continued, even though the number of casualties and the death toll in conflict decreased.


5. Military Offensive and Aceh Special Autonomy

When a presidential crisis occurred in April 2001, Jakarta attempted to force GAM to surrender by increasing troops and denied HDC involvement(Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p.21). The government claimed that GAM still attacked some vital infrastructure and petroleum assets, and they must do something to protect these. The government then issued a decree (President Instruction) to implement comprehensive measures to resolve Aceh conflict by increasing the number of troops.

In July 2001 the new president appointed, Megawati, to replace Abdurrahman Wahid. Her policy was also based on military and security solution. The number of casualties among civilians increased and GAM continued to be a significant aggressive force. One year later, Megawati approved a special autonomy law for Aceh which referred to Aceh as “Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam” (NAD). In its special autonomy, Aceh would receive bigger proportion of petroleum and gas revenue (Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p. 25). This special autonomy also supported the practice of Islamic law and direct election for governor and district heads. This made Aceh different from the all other regions of Indonesia. Unfortunately, this law excluded GAM and made it difficult for GAM and its followers to accept.

Until early 2002, Megawati’s government seemed run very well and had strengthened its position. Therefore, the military offensive had pushed GAM to retreat to rural areas. Government believed that this action could demoralize GAM and force them to begin to negotiate seriously.


6. Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (COHA)

Acehnese civil society groups demanded GAM leaders in Sweden to continue negotiations to reduce the casualties. They believed that GAM might lose public sympathy if it kept obstructing the peace process. In additionally, GAM experienced increased losses since the strengthening of military pressure and the ultimatum from government. In December 2002 the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (COHA), which was facilitated by HDC, was signed by both sides. It underlined two key points (Aspinall & Crouch 2003, p. 31):

1. Disarmament of GAM’s weapons to third party
2. Indonesia Paramilitary (Brimob) should be withdrawn form Aceh, since many GAM believed that this will threaten unarmed GAM members after agreement

This agreement was welcomed with enthusiasm in Indonesia and internationally. GAM and military commanders mixed together to cease offensive actions, and socialize the agreements. The number of casualties dropped drastically although in isolated areas some clashes still occurred. Furthermore, the creation of a peace zone in certain villages made condition more stable and people could run their business and daily activities securely.

Unfortunately, some generals stated their disappointment with the agreement and their stand not to tolerate with rebellion. Moreover, those key points are interpreted vaguely by two parties. As a result the disarmament of GAM and troop withdrawal was postponed within uncertainly time limits. Many people worried this would threaten the peace resolution.

In spite of the reduction of fatalities after the COHA agreement, the government had planned to continue the military offensive if the conditions became worse. HDC once again initiated talks in Tokyo and fully supported by the US and EU. Unfortunately, on 17th of May 2003 the peace negotiations failed, when GAM refused to accept the two key statements; acknowledge special autonomy in Aceh and abandon its struggle for independence. Indonesia government viewed the Tokyo Talks as a means to demonstrate to domestic and international audiences that they had exhausted all attempts at negotiation. Therefore, President Megawati signed the military emergency declaration to boost the number of troops and police by 50,000 (Renner 2006, p. 11).

During this decree, military and government aimed to win the Acehnese empathy by doing “integrated approach”. It combined military operations with other steps (law enforcement, humanitarian aid, restoring local government and economic recovery) (Schulz 2005; cited by Aspinall 2005, p.10). This includes implementation of Islamic law and improving military troop’s behaviour.






7. Tsunami Disaster

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected as new president in November 2004. He promised to bring peace in Aceh with “integrated approach”. With his vice president, Jusuf Kalla, they began to talk the new agreement which mediated by Crisis Management Initiative. This institution is headed by Martti Ahtisaari, former president of Finland who had a long career in the UN as a diplomat and mediator for peace process in Bosnia and Northern Ireland (Aspinall 2005, p. 19). At the time GAM and Indonesia began the negotiation, Aceh was hit by a devastating tsunami on 24 December 2004. About 170.000 people were death and missing, and suddenly Aceh became the centre of international humanitarian response (Renner 2006, p. 11). Both sides concern with this critical situation and agreed to cease hostilities to allow access for humanitarian aid and relief workers.

The post tsunami period was the time for GAM to consider the new negotiation. GAM had lost many of its members and was concerned about international aid in Aceh. Therefore they welcomed a renewal of negotiations. Meanwhile, Indonesia believed that the peace talks would be useful to accelerate recovery of infrastructure in Aceh and improve humanitarian activities. Since then, it is claimed that the tsunami disaster as the key factor for the success of the next negotiation. Both sides returned to the talks and offered greater concessions to sought “win-win solutions” (Renner 2006, p. 16).


8. Helsinki MoU

The first talk was held in Helsinki, 27th of January 2005, a month after the tsunami disaster. CMI had different fundamentally approach from that organized by HDC. While HDC had an open-designed process to indentify the common interest of both sides by ceasing hostilities, CMI reversed the order and used a formula in which “nothing is agreed until everything is agreed” (Aspinall 2005, p. 23). This meant that a broad political statement must be agreed upon before the agreement could be implemented.

During the first negotiation, Indonesia’s goal was have GAM accepted the special autonomy status for Aceh whereas GAM’s goal simply a cease fire. It is very clear that Indonesia had stronger position than GAM and CMI viewed this as pressure for GAM to accept special autonomy within Indonesia’s territory (Aspinall 2005, p. 23). Therefore, Mr Ahtisaari explained that the basis of negotiations was the special autonomy status.

On the next negotiations, GAM demanded to have distinctive political movement (as transition from armament movement) so that GAM could establish its own local party. Therefore Indonesia agreed to revise NAD special autonomy law to ensure the “self-government” rule included local politics election (although, central government keep the greater authority in monetary, international affair, and security and defence). All non-local troops would be removed from Aceh to create stability and integration. Additionally, the amnesty would be given to all ex-GAM combatants and they would be granted rehabilitation as Indonesian citizen. On the other side, GAM would destroy its ammunitions and weapons, eliminate the use of GAM symbols and flag and fully accept the autonomy status.

At last, the memorandum of understanding was signed by the two parties on 15th of August 2005. The agreement also established a monitoring body in Aceh to oversee the changes. As a result, Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) was formed by the ASEAN and European Union. It has greater authority to resolve the conflict and will be binding the parties.


9. Lessons

Aspinall and Crouch (2003, p.45) stated some points to understand about the peace process since 1997 – 2004:

a. The hardliners Indonesian commanders and the olders GAM sometimes obstruct the peace process with their comment in the media
b. The mediator in the early talks, HDC, was relatively inexperience and small NGO. The staffs have limited of local knowledge and communication
c. The negotiations excluded other Acehnese group of interest, such as SIRA or local NGO
d. The gradual recovery of the Indonesia military’s political make government confident to press GAM accept the talks
e. Indonesia government limited the involvement of other countries and United Nation, so that the conflict could not be recognized globally

On the other hand, Aspinall (2005, p. 49) concerned some potential spoilers after Helsinki MoU had been signed:

a. The opposition in Parliament who did not agree with the dialogue process with GAM and thought that GAM should not be compromised
b. The interest of military and its allies in illegal logging issues and oil industry. Because during the conflict, this party got much benefits from those activities and back up local officers from corruption
c. GAM commitment in the MoU is still untrustworthy, as many Indonesian believe that they keep the long term goal for independence.


10. Conclusion

The third party had significant contribution to end the conflict between GAM and Indonesian since the reformation era in 1997. After the replacement of HDC to CMI in peace talk process, CMI had successfully ended the conflict by the agreement of Helsinki MoU in 15th of August 2006. Beside the contribution of the third party, many people believed that the tsunami disaster also play significant role to affect both parties to begin renewal dialogue. It is necessary to address their commitment where it had stated in the agreement in order to build trustful and create infinity peace in Aceh’s region.

The Impact of Globalization on Deforestation in Indonesia

Introduction

Indonesia is a nation which has one the largest areas of tropical forests in the world. These forests more important to control the world climate and also has a role within Indonesian society with people who live and dependent on them. Unfortunately, these forests have been subject to logging and clear felling. It has been claimed that this process of deforestation is accelerated by globalization. Menotti (1999) believes that “globalization pushes governments to unrestricted global investment in new access [sic] to unexploited industry … It is the consequence of global competitive [sic] which has led governments everywhere to abandon forest protection laws and regulations as the demand for paper products increases a predictable result of proliferating fax machines, photocopiers and desktop printers” (Menotti, 1999). Deforestation problem will obstruct the development process in Indonesia because of the destruction of many natural resources and the trigger of social problems. This essay argues that deforestation is a negative effect of globalization which has caused mass land degradation and land disputes, and also has threatened the local identity on some indigenous people.

Globalization

Globalization is defined, by Keigherm & Lowery (1998) as “a process of global integration in which diverse peoples, economies, cultures, and political processes are increasingly subjected to international influences, and people are made aware of the role of these influences in their everyday lives”. Therefore globalization has improved the relationship between many nations. Imai (2006) believes that “…globalization of economy has weakened the individual states' control over their societies; thus, globalization promotes civil liberties and, eventually, democracy through socioeconomic development.” This means that globalization has become a vital part of a nation’s economy has created political stability in certain regions and enhanced development.
However, globalization can be also understandood as a “social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede, and people become increasingly aware that they are receding.” (Kunitz, 2000) Thus, globalization will create its own identical culture and threaten other minority cultures. This is one of the disadvantages of globalization. Garland (2006) claims that “languages and cultures will simply cease to exist, and people will instead choose "global" cultures and languages that will transcend boundaries.” This will threaten the existence of local cultures and values in every country, especially in developing countries. For instance, in Indonesia, globalization will impact on the distinctiveness of some indigenous people and also the national culture which could be replaced by global culture.


Globalization in Indonesia

It has been suggested that Indonesia has experienced globalization since 1967. Pilger (2001) argues that the former president Soeharto initiated the globalization by using military dictatorship which was violently which result the death of about a million of people and the legacy of sweatshops and corruption. Soeharto used the term of development as the next step to globalization era. At that time “the physical construction and the delivery of physical inputs (seeds, credit, cleared land) have been financed by international donors” (Li, 1003) to help the development of Indonesia and converted much of its agricultural areas to industrial areas. As a result, “the industrialization grew rapidly, following the adoption of more liberal economic policies, at more than ten per cent per annum in most years until the economic crisis erupted in 1997.” (Feridhanusetyawan, 2000)
Furthermore, during the period of 1967 to 1997, Indonesia was named as one of the leading industrialization nations in East Asia (McNally, 1998). The remarkably change of that periods was influenced by the growth of goods production, the industrialization structure, international orientation of commercial and industrial efficiency. Feridhanusetyawan (2000) believes that the open trade and politic policies from Soeharto is the major reason of the fast transformation into industrialization.
Consequently, industrialization has given many advantages to Indonesia society. It has created a stable economy and reduced poverty, the economic growth has led to an increase real income and expenditure, and the improvement of rural economic development. (Feridhanusetyawan, 2000).
However, globalization has spoiled the balance of the ecosystem and accelerated deforestation. Menotti (1999) claims that another pillar of globalisation is competitive subsidisation, which is given to industries by the government, to legitimate the industries destroying forests and to build major infrastructures.
In addition, the process of forests destruction is mainly done by “logging operations and an expansion of shifting agriculture (the practice of clearing a plot of land, cultivating it for a short time, then abandoning it for a new plot)” (Lamblin & Geist, 2003). This practice includes migration into new areas such as transmigration program, and a gradual transition from shifting agriculture toward more permanent agriculture in certain areas. It is claimed that this has been done in development term program under the Soeharto regime (Li, 2003). Afterwards, “the state forest throughout the region has been transformed into open access” (Lambin & Geist, 2003) and this worsens the deforestation problem.


Indonesia Deforestation Problem

Globalization of the economy leads governments in each region to become more competitive and to provide an abundance natural resource. Unfortunately, governments tend to neglect their responsibility to conserve land and forests. Menotti (1999) believes that “one of the major driving forces behind globalization is the removal of government restrictions on foreign investment, providing new access to resources previously unexploited by industry.” He also argues that due to globalization governments abandon forest protection laws and regulations (Menotti, 1999). Thus, “Indonesia government did not demonstrate a strong willingness to intervene, conservation activists and social forestry projects have made little headway in halting deforestation” (Lambin & Geist, 2003).
As the beginning of the globalization period made development progress became the priority which caused deforestation. At that time Indonesia government initiate the term for "development" in New Order era. Tania Murray Li confirmed that :
The particular meaning of “development” is established by downplaying its nationalist-era connotations of awakening (membangun) in favor of construction (also membangun), and further reducing the connotations of the latter from the potentially dynamic project of nation building to the more solidly directive operation of building the nation's infrastructure and physical plant (Li, 2003)

This “development” program has given authority incautiously to some loggers or companies to exploit forest within Indonesia regions. Consequently, they shifted from one concession (a forest area allocated by the government to a timber company for tree harvesting) to others, then, after having depleted forests of their valuable species, shifted from one region to the other regions within Indonesia (Lamblin & Geist, 2003).
An Indonesian environmental group states that (Knight, 2001) “Hundreds of thousands of hectares of Indonesia's remaining forests were clear-cut in order to feed the nations rapid expansion of pulp and paper production during the last decade …” (Knight, 2001). Moreover, Indonesia which owns about 10 percent of the world's rain forests, is losing approximately nine hundred thousand hectares of forest every year (Dauvergne, 1993).
Although deforestation is getting worse the urgency of development is still important for many Indonesians. They believe that “the need for development (pembangunan) - for more production, agricultural lands and foreign exchange etc. - is of greater urgency than the necessity for wildlands” (McCarthy, 1998). The development progress is claimed as the best way to improve infrastructure throughout Indonesia. It also contributes to increase equality and prosperity for all Indonesian, for instance in creating new jobs, better education opportunity, and health facilities.
However, this period of development triggered mass anger of people who were unable to access state resources and the anger of those whose land, forest, and other means of livelihood are appropriated for state or private schemes (Li, 2003). Government used its authority and policies to take over most of lands and forests, which was occupied by local people. Government also blamed local people as the caused of land degradation, by using swidden system (“A form of agriculture that involves cuffing back and burning off vegetative cover, which temporarily enriches the soil; growing crops until the soil produces lower yield; then moving on to clear trees for another plot” (Dauvergne, 1993)) then forced them to move to other areas. During the period of 1972 to 1982 about ten thousand native families were resettled as they were blamed for the swidden which had destructed the forest (Dauvergne, 1993). As a consequence they loose their right and income on forests exploitation.
In addition, government's transmigration projects which moved an estimated 3,600,000 people from Java to the outer islands by 1987 threatened the forest and conservation program and also the existence of indigenous people (Dauvergne, 1993). This caused the land dispute between indigenous people and government, and endangered their local identity. For example in Dayak Longhouse communities in Kalimantan (Dauvergne, 1993). They were forced to resettle in government villages and leaving the forest while on the other hand government gives permission for forest exploitation to new migrant.
Another example is the land dispute between Dayak Bahau communities and two logging companies in Kalimantan (Elsam, 2001). Since 1992, their traditional live altered dramatically when those companies were permitted by the government to exploit Matalibaq forest. The Dayak Bahau communities lost their right to manage the forests for farming, fishing and traditional logging. Government and the companies had an agreement without the involvement of Dayak communities. Even tough the land ownership was compensated, the lost of materials is priceless.
Therefore, globalization in Indonesia accelerated deforestation and caused the nation lost many areas of green forests. On the other hand, globalization affects some indigenous people as their live become pushed by the needs of wildlands, woods and mines for manufactures and industries. McCarthy (1998) predicts that their ways of life are likely will not to last longer as their traditional rights are ignored and difficult to survive.



Conclusion

Globalization in Indonesia in the period of 1967 to 1997 has created remarkable economic growth which has reduced the poverty rate and built infrastructures throughout regions. Unfortunately, globalization has also influenced the investment in forest and logging, and government failed to manage this exploitation. Consequently, deforestation is one of the negative impacts of globalization and has ruined the conservation of the ecosystem. Furthermore, globalization has spoiled the relationship between indigenous people and government, and threatened those people’s local identity.

Bendigo International Students

Around 150 students from different countries currently studying at La Trobe University Bendigo Campus. This small number of students enjoy the great relationship in friendly circumtances. Many of them believe that this relationship is better than live in Melbourne (which actually has more than ten thousand International Students). Live in Bendigo also create good understanding between students who have different culture and education background.

On 9th of April 2008, the Gala Dinner was held in La Trobe Bendigo Student Union to mark the end of Mentor Program. Each International Students presented their own country traditional food while the Australian students and staffs prepared for the dessert. This mix culinary event was fun and excited. Everybody commented the special taste of each food and in short time all of the food are run out. They wonder what is the purpose of the dishes and how to make it. Some students from Africa had to explain in more details so that all students understand, since the food were very different.

All students gave positive feedback about the Mentor Programs and expected that the relationship and friendship to be continued. Furthermore, this program should be carried in each semester in order to help new International Students to cope with their daily lives in Bendigo's culture.

The origin of countries from some students :

Australia, Botswana, Brunei, Chile, Emirates, England, Kenya, Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, Vietnam and Zimbabwe

Gamelan in Bendigo

A gamelan is a kind of musical ensemble of Indonesia especially in Javanese region. It consists of a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings, and vocalists may also be included. In Australia and New Zealand, Gamelan is prominent traditional instrument and well played by many people (especially Australian. There are a number of Gamelan groups in throughout the country such as Banyu Gunung Salju (University of Canterbury), Bodhan Boondall (Western Australia), Giri Jaya (Toowoomba) , Kyahi Jatidiri (Queensland Conservatorium), Langen Suka (Sydney), Nyi Gemi Raras (University of Melbourne), Padhang Moncar (Victoria University of Wellington), PERMAI (Melbourne), Puspa Wresti (Brisbane), Novo Kasatria (Newcastle), Sekehe Gong Tirta Sinar/Gong Dharma Bali (Sydney), Songket (Sydney, Sundanese), Swara Naga (University of New England) and Taniwha Jaya (Massey University, Wellington).

Bendigo also has its own Gamelan Group (Mugi Rahayu). This group was formed two years ago and perform regularly every cultural event. In 30th of March 2008, the group was invited to present traditional folk songs and dancing along with gamelan percussion. Recently, Mugi Rahayu played at bendigo Town Hall to celebrate Bendigo's Cultural Diversity in17th of March.

Lucky me, I can joined the performance and played well, eventhough I only have practiced twice. On the other hand, it gives me opportunity to learn much about my own culture although I live in Australia now. I realized that I didn't know much about my own nation culture and traditional performance. But at least I want to try and preserve it while somehow many Australians interest to play gamelan more than Indonesians. They really keen to practice gamelan as a hobby and leisure activities.

Mugi Rahayu is headed by Aroon Hall an Australian who studied Javanese Arts and Dance in Yogyakarta for many years ago. His wife is Nita Hall (Indonesian) is a lecturer in La Trobe University Bendigo Campus in Indonesian Subject.







See more on http://danny.oz.au/gamelan/

Bendigo, the story begins....

The town of gold rush between 1850 and 1900. At that time, Bendigo was the richest field of the world with around nine billion dollars worth of gold was found. Today many past historic buildings attract many visitor to enjoy the history of gold and romantic tourism.

Situated in North-West region of Victoria, the distance is about 150 km from Melbourne. It needs a two-hour journey to travel whereas by train or car. Bendigo is also famous for its winemaking, agriculture and picturesque landscape. It includes numerous State Parks, and Forests, with rivers and lakes.

One of La Trobe University regional campuses is located in Bendigo. Approximately 4200 students study there, includes 220 international students. It's a small campus within compact environment. Some wild animals can be found in bush areas near the campus, such as kangaroo, cockatoo, crow and snake.

The quite enviroment is suitable for students who like to live in relaxing circumtances and less crowded people. Nonetheless, the distance from uni to the city is within minutes. Buses and bicycle are the cheapest and easiest transport for students.

Study in Australia will Improve Your English?

If you think that study in foreign english-country will improve your english, you should consider again your decision to study overseas. For example in Melbourne, Australia. This nation notes english as official languange which is used in every part of people life. For example in commerce, academic environment (university), trade, public transport and the others. Basically this will encourage every person who life in Melbourne to use english. Unfortunately, in some occassions I realize that become student here would not guarantee your ability to speak, listen and write english well than before in your native country.

The reason is some students only use limited english. I assume that they speak english only in class (university), shopping centres (when they buy somethig), public transport (in train station or bus stop) or other common areas in society. On the other side, they spend almost their time (daily or weekly) in their own native-spoken community. For instance Indonesian community, Malaysian community, Turksh communities and Vietnamese communities.

According to Indonesian Consulate in Melbourne, about 20,000 Indonesian citizens live in Victoria, and around 9000 of whom are students. Most of them live in the same places (like suburb) in some major spot like Clayton, Footscray, Broadmedows and Brunswick. Additionally, they share in the same house or live in the Indonesian neighbourhood. Then, many Indonesian students study in the same University like University of Melbourne and Monash University, and sometimes they become classmate. In their daily and weekly activities, they meet each other and speak Bahasa. This community also help each other and tightened by nationality emotion. It gives benefits for students who live far away from Indonesia.

However for the long term their skills of english will not be improved. They create the limitation of their relationship with other students from different countries, specially with local students (Australia). I realize that this behaviour is difficult to change since Indonesian students are more comfort to make interaction within their own. The different of culture and languange separates Indonesian students with others.

I presume that their english are not be better as they back home soon.

Australian Don't like Soeharto??

The shocking headline news was put in "The Australian", one of prominent newspaper in Melbourne. I am not surprised of the death of my former president, since He has suffered of the illness for the long time, but I'm surprised on how many Australian see Soeharto as the bad guy. As the person who responsible for the human rights abuse in East Timor and Aceh, as the corrupt president and killling many people during his reign in 32 years.

Even though I'm a person who support the law enforcement against Soeharto, but I think it's not appropriate to condemn someone that has just passed away. Maybe I'm too Indonesian style, as the easyness to forgive and forget someone sin, which I did to Soeharto.

Probably in the past Soeharto and Australia has unsatisfactory relation. Although I also know that once Soeharto and Australia had romance relationship (as happen in Paul Keating administration).

Maybe I get mad on the headline, but also I can forgive it. I just think the dislike of Soeharto can be done in modest way, just to honor someone who face the difficulty way in the death.

28 January 2008

Jakarta-Sidney, the journey began

16th of January, as the plane take off to Sidney my journey to Australia was began. Australia is the destinantion place for my advance study there. Excitment and worry blend on my heart thereafter. A 7 hour flight was welcomed by the windy and cold weather at the Sidney airport. Many foreigners wokers, as we called it "bule", say greet and warm smile. I remember my own country then. Only for a second I miss it so much.
The warmth welcome become unfriendly as me and some Indonesian students have to pass the immigration customs. The staffs look after us suspiciously and I nervous if something bad could be happen to me. Thank good, I passed it smoothly. Then prepare for long Journey to Melbourne.
My impression is the Australian so strict and cautios for every visitors from overseas. But after that, they are very welcome and warm. Indeed, I wonder there are many asian people in the airport, who are not visitors. They are immigrant, who live and work in Australia. I realize then Australia is not only live by the "whites" but it has coloured by many people around the world.





17th January 2008